2018-08-30发表2022-04-21更新Spring系列 / Java12 分钟读完 (大约1807个字)0次访问

Java中的注解与Spring中的常用注解

在Spring中，有很多的注解，比如@Controller、@Service什么的。之前对注解的了解不够，在使用SSM时，在想到底什么是注解，它的工作原理又是什么或者说它是怎么工作的，为什么注解了之后就能达到某个功能呢？带着这样的一个疑问，开始探索之旅吧！

常见的Java内置的注解以及源代码

@Override：用于标明此方法覆盖了父类的方法。在《Effective Java》中强烈建议使用此注解来注解子类覆盖父类的方法，以防没有覆盖成功。

/**
 * Indicates that a method declaration is intended to override a
 * method declaration in a supertype. If a method is annotated with
 * this annotation type compilers are required to generate an error
 * message unless at least one of the following conditions hold:
 *
 * <ul><li>
 * The method does override or implement a method declared in a
 * supertype.
 * </li><li>
 * The method has a signature that is override-equivalent to that of
 * any public method declared in {@linkplain Object}.
 * </li></ul>
 *
 * @author  Peter von der Ahé
 * @author  Joshua Bloch
 * @jls 9.6.1.4 @Override
 * @since 1.5
 */
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Override {
}

@Deprecated：用于标明已经过时的方法或类。在使用Android Studio的时候，如果调用了被其注解过的方法或类，那么将会被IDE划上横线，表示这个方法已经不被推荐使用了。

/**
 * A program element annotated @Deprecated is one that programmers
 * are discouraged from using, typically because it is dangerous,
 * or because a better alternative exists.  Compilers warn when a
 * deprecated program element is used or overridden in non-deprecated code.
 *
 * @author  Neal Gafter
 * @since 1.5
 * @jls 9.6.3.6 @Deprecated
 */
@Documented
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(value={CONSTRUCTOR, FIELD, LOCAL_VARIABLE, METHOD, PACKAGE, PARAMETER, TYPE})
public @interface Deprecated {
}

@SuppressWarnnings：用于有选择的关闭编译器对类、方法、成员变量、变量初始化的警告。在《Effective Java》中，这个注解被推荐慎重使用，除非非常确定不需要这些警告信息。

/**
 * Indicates that the named compiler warnings should be suppressed in the
 * annotated element (and in all program elements contained in the annotated
 * element).  Note that the set of warnings suppressed in a given element is
 * a superset of the warnings suppressed in all containing elements.  For
 * example, if you annotate a class to suppress one warning and annotate a
 * method to suppress another, both warnings will be suppressed in the method.
 *
 * <p>As a matter of style, programmers should always use this annotation
 * on the most deeply nested element where it is effective.  If you want to
 * suppress a warning in a particular method, you should annotate that
 * method rather than its class.
 *
 * @author Josh Bloch
 * @since 1.5
 * @jls 4.8 Raw Types
 * @jls 4.12.2 Variables of Reference Type
 * @jls 5.1.9 Unchecked Conversion
 * @jls 5.5.2 Checked Casts and Unchecked Casts
 * @jls 9.6.3.5 @SuppressWarnings
 */
@Target({TYPE, FIELD, METHOD, PARAMETER, CONSTRUCTOR, LOCAL_VARIABLE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface SuppressWarnings {
    /**
     * The set of warnings that are to be suppressed by the compiler in the
     * annotated element.  Duplicate names are permitted.  The second and
     * successive occurrences of a name are ignored.  The presence of
     * unrecognized warning names is <i>not</i> an error: Compilers must
     * ignore any warning names they do not recognize.  They are, however,
     * free to emit a warning if an annotation contains an unrecognized
     * warning name.
     *
     * <p> The string {@code "unchecked"} is used to suppress
     * unchecked warnings. Compiler vendors should document the
     * additional warning names they support in conjunction with this
     * annotation type. They are encouraged to cooperate to ensure
     * that the same names work across multiple compilers.
     * @return the set of warnings to be suppressed
     */
    String[] value();
}

WARNING 上面为声明注解，下面为元注解！ WARNING

@Documented 被修饰的注解会生成到javadoc中。

/**
 * Indicates that annotations with a type are to be documented by javadoc
 * and similar tools by default.  This type should be used to annotate the
 * declarations of types whose annotations affect the use of annotated
 * elements by their clients.  If a type declaration is annotated with
 * Documented, its annotations become part of the public API
 * of the annotated elements.
 *
 * @author  Joshua Bloch
 * @since 1.5
 */
@Documented
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)
public @interface Documented {
}

@Inherited 可以让注解被继承，但这并不是真的继承，只是通过使用@Inherited，可以让子类Class对象使用getAnnotations()获取父类被@Inherited修饰的注解。

注解语法

看一个简单一点的@Override的源代码，这是一个声明注解，然后其中的两个注解@Target和@Retention是元注解，就是标记其他注解的注解。@Target说明了注解的使用场景，此处是只能在方法上注解；@Retention说明了注解的生命周期，在什么阶段还存在。

@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Override {
}

他们的具体取值以及意义如下：
@Target：

public enum ElementType {
    /**标明该注解可以用于类、接口（包括注解类型）或enum声明*/
    TYPE,
    /** 标明该注解可以用于字段(域)声明，包括enum实例 */
    FIELD,
    /** 标明该注解可以用于方法声明 */
    METHOD,
    /** 标明该注解可以用于参数声明 */
    PARAMETER,
    /** 标明注解可以用于构造函数声明 */
    CONSTRUCTOR,
    /** 标明注解可以用于局部变量声明 */
    LOCAL_VARIABLE,
    /** 标明注解可以用于注解声明(应用于另一个注解上)*/
    ANNOTATION_TYPE,
    /** 标明注解可以用于包声明 */
    PACKAGE,
    /**
     * 标明注解可以用于类型参数声明（1.8新加入）
     * @since 1.8
     */
    TYPE_PARAMETER,
    /**
     * 类型使用声明（1.8新加入)
     * @since 1.8
     */
    TYPE_USE
}

@Retention：
用来约束注解的生命周期，分别有三个值，源码级别（source），类文件级别（class）或者运行时级别（runtime），其含有如下：

SOURCE：注解将被编译器丢弃（该类型的注解信息只会保留在源码里，源码经过编译后，注解信息会被丢弃，不会保留在编译好的class文件里）

CLASS：注解在class文件中可用，但会被VM丢弃（该类型的注解信息会保留在源码里和class文件里，在执行的时候，不会加载到虚拟机中），请注意，当注解未定义Retention值时，默认值是CLASS，如Java内置注解，@Override、@Deprecated、@SuppressWarnning等

RUNTIME：注解信息将在运行期(JVM)也保留，因此可以通过反射机制读取注解的信息（源码、class文件和执行的时候都有注解的信息），如SpringMvc中的@Controller、@Autowired、@RequestMapping等。

回头再看看@SuppressWarnings，声明了一个变量，叫做value，所以我们在使用这个注解的时候，可以这样写@SuppressWarnings(value="unchecked")。由此可以联想到SpringMVC中的@RequestMapping注解中的路径参数。

但是，当注解中定义了名为value的元素，并且在使用该注解时，如果该元素是唯一需要赋值的一个元素，那么此时无需使用key=value的语法，而只需在括号内给出value元素所需的值即可。这可以应用于任何合法类型的元素，这限制了元素名必须为value！

所以@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")也是正确的。

Spring中的注解举例

@Controller：

/**
 * Indicates that an annotated class is a "Controller" (e.g. a web controller).
 *
 * <p>This annotation serves as a specialization of {@link Component @Component},
 * allowing for implementation classes to be autodetected through classpath scanning.
 * It is typically used in combination with annotated handler methods based on the
 * {@link org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping} annotation.
 *
 * @author Arjen Poutsma
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @since 2.5
 * @see Component
 * @see org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping
 * @see org.springframework.context.annotation.ClassPathBeanDefinitionScanner
 */
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Component
public @interface Controller {
	/**
	 * The value may indicate a suggestion for a logical component name,
	 * to be turned into a Spring bean in case of an autodetected component.
	 * @return the suggested component name, if any (or empty String otherwise)
	 */
	@AliasFor(annotation = Component.class)
	String value() default "";
}